Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, refers to the harmful or excessive use of legal or illegal substances that can lead to negative consequences for the individual's physical and mental health, social functioning, and overall well-being. The basic criteria for substance abuse are typically outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association. The criteria may vary slightly depending on the edition of the DSM, but the general criteria include:
Impaired Control: The individual has difficulty controlling their substance use. They may take more of the substance or use it for a more extended period than intended. They might also struggle to cut down or stop using the substance altogether.
Social Impairment: Substance abuse can lead to social problems, such as difficulties with relationships, work, school, or other important life activities. The person may withdraw from social interactions or isolate themselves to use the substance.
Risky Use: The person continues to use the substance despite knowing that it causes or exacerbates physical or psychological problems. They may put themselves or others in dangerous situations while under the influence.
Pharmacological Criteria: This criterion involves developing tolerance to the substance (needing more of it to achieve the same effects) and experiencing withdrawal symptoms when the substance is not used.
Time Spent: The person may spend a significant amount of time obtaining, using, or recovering from the effects of the substance.
Neglected Activities: Important social, occupational, or recreational activities may be given up or reduced due to substance use.
Cravings: The individual experiences strong cravings or urges to use the substance.
It is important to note that meeting a few of these criteria may not necessarily indicate substance abuse or addiction. However, if an individual consistently meets several of these criteria and their substance use is causing significant distress or impairment in their life, it may be indicative of a substance use disorder (the clinical term for substance abuse or addiction).
Substance abuse can have severe consequences for a person's health and well-being, and seeking professional help from healthcare providers, therapists, or addiction specialists is essential for those who struggle with substance use issues. Early intervention and treatment can improve outcomes and support individuals in achieving and maintaining a healthy and fulfilling life.