In Hinduism, the ultimate knowledge is considered to be knowledge of the self (Atman) and the realization of its oneness with the ultimate reality or Brahman. This understanding leads to Moksha, which is liberation from the cycle of birth and death (Samsara).
The sources of knowledge in Hinduism can be categorized into two main categories:
Shruti (Heard/Revealed Knowledge): This is the primary source of knowledge in Hinduism, and it is considered to be eternal and divine. It includes the Vedas, which are the oldest and most authoritative scriptures in Hinduism. The Vedas are four in number: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. These texts contain hymns, rituals, and philosophical discussions.
Smriti (Remembered Knowledge): Smriti texts are considered to be derived from human intellect and memory. They include various epics, Puranas, Itihasas (Ramayana and Mahabharata), Dharmashastras (legal and moral codes), and other texts written by sages and scholars over the centuries. While not considered as authoritative as the Vedas, Smriti plays a crucial role in providing guidance in various aspects of life, including ethics, law, and spiritual practices.
It is through the study and contemplation of these scriptures that individuals seek to gain knowledge about the nature of reality, the purpose of life, and the means to achieve spiritual realization. Additionally, Hinduism encourages seeking knowledge through direct experience (Brahmanubhava) and guidance from realized masters (Gurus), which is considered essential for true understanding and realization. The ultimate goal is to attain self-realization and unity with the supreme reality, which is considered the highest form of knowledge in Hinduism.